SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Islamic pottery</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic pottery</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.0em;border:1px solid #060;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"><a href="Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;">

<div class="hlist" style="white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li><a href="History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Theology</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;">

<ul><li><a href="Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Early historiography</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social changes</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a> / <a href="Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Modern philosophy</a></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li><li><a href="God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Concept of God</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><a href="Tawhid" title="Tawhid"><i>Tawhid</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Islamic monotheism)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Sufism)</span></a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;">

<a href="Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;">

<ul><li><a href="Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquettical</a></li>

<li><a href="Muslim_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim hygienical jurisprudence">Hygienical</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marital</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></li>

<li><br><a href="Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;">

<a href="Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science in medieval times</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;">

<ul><li><a href="Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a><br>(<a href="Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a>)</div></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;">

<ul><li><a href="Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></span></li></ul></div></div></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li>

</ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;">

Other topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;">

<ul><li><a href="Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">Islamization of knowledge</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Islamic pottery</b> occupied a geographical position between <a href="Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Chinese ceramics</a>, and the pottery of the <a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and Europe. For most of the period, it made great aesthetic achievements and influence as well, influencing Byzantium and Europe. The use of drinking and eating vessels in gold and silver, the ideal in ancient Rome and Persia as well as medieval Christian societies, is prohibited by the <a href="Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadiths</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the result that pottery and glass were used for tableware by Muslim elites, as pottery (but less often glass) also was in China but was much rarer in Europe and Byzantium. In the same way, Islamic restrictions greatly discouraged figurative wall painting, encouraging the architectural use of schemes of decorative and often <a href="Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">geometrically patterned</a> <a href="Title" title="Title">titles</a>, which are the most distinctive and original speciality of Islamic ceramics.

</p>

<p>The era of Islamic <a href="Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> started around 622. From 633, <a href="Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> armies moved rapidly towards <a href="Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Persia</a>, <a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a>, <a href="Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and later <a href="Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>. The early history of Islamic pottery remains somewhat obscure and speculative as little evidence has survived. Apart from tiles that escaped destruction due to their use in architectural decoration of buildings and mosques, much early medieval pottery vanished.

</p><p>The Muslim world inherited significant pottery industries in Mesopotamia, <a href="Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, Egypt, North Africa (<a href="African_Red_Slip" class="mw-redirect" title="African Red Slip">African Red Slip</a>) and later other regions. Indeed, the origin of glazed pottery has been traced to Egypt where it was first introduced during the fourth millennium BCE. However, most of these traditions made heavy use of figurative decoration, which was greatly reduced, though not entirely removed, under Islam. Instead Islamic pottery developed geometric and plant-based decoration to a very high level and made more use of decorative schemes made up of many tiles than any previous culture.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Medieval_(622–1200)">Early Medieval (622–1200)</h2></div>

<p>A distinct Muslim style in pottery was not firmly established until the 9th century in <a href="Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (formerly Mesopotamia), <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. During this period pieces mainly used white <a href="Tin-glaze" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin-glaze">tin-glaze</a>. Information on earlier periods is very limited. This is largely due to the lack of surviving specimens in good condition which also limits the interest in the study of ceramics of these periods. Archaeological excavations carried out in Jordan uncovered only a few examples from the Umayyad period, mostly unglazed vessels from Khirbat Al-Mafjar in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the East, evidence shows that a production centre was set up in <a href="Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> under the <a href="Samanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid">Samanid</a> dynasty who ruled this region and parts of <a href="Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> between 874 and 999 A.D. The most highly regarded technique of this centre is the use of <a href="Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> in the decoration of vessels. East Persian pottery from the 9th to 11th centuries decorated only with highly stylised inscriptions, called "epigraphic ware", has been described as "probably the most refined and sensitive of all Persian pottery".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_influence">Chinese influence</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Chinese_influences_on_Islamic_pottery" title="Chinese influences on Islamic pottery">Chinese influences on Islamic pottery</a></div>

<p>During the <a href="Abbasid_ceramics" title="Abbasid ceramics">Abbasid dynasty pottery production</a> gained momentum, largely using tin glazes mostly in the form of opaque white glaze. Some historians, such as Arthur Lane, attribute the rise of such industry to Chinese influence. Evidence from Muslim manuscripts, such as Akhbar al-Sin wa al-Hind (circa 851) and Ibn Kurdadhbih's Book of Roads and Provinces (846-885), suggest that trade with China was firmly established. Lane also referred to the passage in a work written by Muhammad ibn al-Husayn al-Baihaki, (circa 1059) where he stated that the governor of Khurasan, ‘Ali ibn ‘Isa, sent as a present to the Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809), “twenty pieces of Chinese Imperial <a href="Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> (Chini faghfuri), the like of which had never been seen at a Caliph’s court before, in addition to 2,000 other pieces of porcelain”.

</p>

<p>According to Lane, the influence of Chinese pottery progressed in three main phases. The first contact with <a href="China" title="China">China</a> took place in 751 when the Arabs defeated the Chinese at the <a href="Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a>. It has been argued that imprisoned Chinese potters and paper makers could have taught the Muslims the art of pottery and paper-making. In the 800s Chinese stoneware and porcelain reached the Abbasids. The second phase took place in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, a period noted for the decline of pottery industry following the fall of the Seljuk dynasty. This period also saw the invasion of the Mongols who brought Chinese pottery traditions.

</p><p>The influence of ceramics from the <a href="Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> can be seen on <a href="Lustreware" title="Lustreware">lustrewares</a>, produced by <a href="Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> potters, and on some early white wares excavated at <a href="Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a> (in modern-day <a href="Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>). Ceramics from this period were excavated at <a href="Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a> (in modern-day <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>) and <a href="Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> (in modern-day <a href="Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>).

</p>

<p>By the time of the <a href="Mongol_invasion_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of China">Mongol invasion of China</a> a considerable export trade westwards to the Islamic world was established, and Islamic attempts to imitate Chinese porcelain in their own <a href="Fritware" title="Fritware">fritware</a> bodies had begun in the 12th century. These were less successful than those of <a href="Korean_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean pottery">Korean pottery</a>, but eventually were able to provide attractive local competition to Chinese imports.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese production could adapt to the preferences of foreign markets; larger <a href="Celadon" title="Celadon">celadon</a> dishes than the Chinese market wanted were favoured for serving princely banquets in the Middle East. Celadon wares were believed there to have the ability to detect poison, by sweating or breaking.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Islamic market was apparently especially important in the early years of <a href="Chinese_blue_and_white_porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese blue and white porcelain">Chinese blue and white porcelain</a>, which appears to have been mainly exported until the Ming. Again, large dishes were an export style, and the densely painted decoration of Yuan blue and white borrowed heavily from the <a href="Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesques</a> and <a href="Scroll_(art)" title="Scroll (art)">plant scrolls</a> of Islamic decoration, probably mostly taking the style from metalwork examples, which also provided shapes for some vessels. This style of ornament was then confined to blue and white, and is not found in the red and white painted wares then preferred by the Chinese themselves. The <a href="Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a> that was used was itself imported from Persia, and the export trade in porcelain was handled by colonies of Muslim merchants in <a href="Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>, convenient for the huge <a href="Jingdezhen" title="Jingdezhen">Jingdezhen</a> potteries, and other ports to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The start of the <a href="Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> was quickly followed by a decree of 1368, forbidding trade with foreign countries. This was not entirely successful, and had to be repeated several times, and the giving of lavish imperial diplomatic gifts continued, concentrating on silk and porcelain (19,000 pieces of porcelain in 1383), but it severely set back the export trade. The policy was relaxed under the next emperor after 1403, but had by then greatly stimulated the production of pottery emulating Chinese styles in the Islamic world itself, which was by now reaching a high level of quality in several countries (high enough to fool contemporary Europeans in many cases).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Often Islamic production imitated not the latest Chinese styles, but those of the late Yuan and early Ming.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, Chinese potters began in the early 16th century to produce some items in overtly Islamic styles, including jumbled inscriptions in Arabic. These appear to have been made for the growing Chinese Muslim market, and probably those at court wishing to keep up with the <a href="Zhengde_Emperor" title="Zhengde Emperor">Zhengde Emperor</a>'s (r. 1505–1521) flirtation with Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_innovations">Islamic innovations</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque ware</a>, <a href="%C4%B0znik_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="İznik pottery">İznik pottery</a>, and <a href="Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in Islam">Alchemy and chemistry in Islam</a></div>

<p>From between the eighth and eighteenth centuries, the use of <a href="Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">glazed ceramics</a> was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate <a href="Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Tin-glazing" title="Tin-glazing">Tin-opacified glazing</a>, for the production of <a href="Tin-glazed_pottery" title="Tin-glazed pottery">tin-glazed pottery</a>, was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. Robert B. Mason notes, though, that petrograph analysis revealed some "tin-glazed" pottery to contain quarts and feldspar to attain opacity.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in <a href="Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, dating to around the 8th century. Another significant contribution was the development of <a href="Stoneware" title="Stoneware">stoneware</a> originating in 9th-century Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a vitreous or semivitreous ceramic ware of fine texture, made primarily from non-refactory fire clay.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other centres for innovative pottery in the Islamic world included <a href="Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> (from 975 to 1075), Damascus (from 1100 to around 1600) and <a href="Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> (from 1470 to 1550).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p><a href="Lusterware" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusterware">Lusterware</a> was produced in <a href="Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in the 9th century; the technique soon became popular in <a href="History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persia</a> and <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lusterware was later produced in <a href="Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> during the <a href="Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> caliphate in the 10th-12th centuries. While some production of lustreware continued in the <a href="Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, it spread to <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>—first in the <a href="Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque ware</a> of <a href="Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, notably at <a href="M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, and then <a href="Valencia%2C_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a>, then later to Italy, where it was used to enhance <a href="Maiolica" title="Maiolica">maiolica</a>.

</p>

<p>Another innovation was the <a href="Albarello" title="Albarello">albarello</a>, a type of <a href="Maiolica" title="Maiolica">maiolica</a> earthenware jar originally designed to hold <a href="Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecaries'</a> ointments and dry drugs. The development of this type of <a href="Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">pharmacy</a> jar had its roots in the Islamic Middle East. Brought to Italy from Spain, the earliest Italian examples were produced in Florence in the 15th century.

</p><p><a href="Fritware" title="Fritware">Fritware</a> refers to a type of pottery which was first developed in the Near East, where production is dated to the late first millennium AD through the second millennium AD. <a href="Frit" title="Frit">Frit</a> was a significant ingredient. A recipe for “fritware” dating to c. 1300 AD written by Abu’l Qasim reports that the ratio of quartz to “frit-glass” to white clay is 10:1:1.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of pottery has also been referred to as “stoneware" and “faience” among other names.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ninth-century corpus of “proto-stoneware” from <a href="Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> has “relict glass fragments” in its fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glass is alkali-lime-lead-silica and, when the paste was fired or cooled, wollastonite and <a href="Diopside" title="Diopside">diopside</a> crystals formed within the glass fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of “inclusions of crushed <a href="Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>” suggests these fragments did not come from a glaze.<sup id="cite_ref-Masonand_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masonand-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for their addition would be to act as a flux, and so “accelerate vitrification at a relatively low firing temperature, and thus increase the <a href="Hardness" title="Hardness">hardness</a> and <a href="Density" title="Density">density</a> of the [ceramic] body.”<sup id="cite_ref-Masonand_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masonand-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_(1200–1400)">Middle (1200–1400)</h2></div>

<p>By this period the distinctive Islamic tradition of decorated wall tiles had emerged, and continued to develop together with vessel pottery in a way unique to <a href="Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>. In the account of Ibn Naji (circa 1016) the Caliph sent, in addition to tiles, “a man from <a href="Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>” to <a href="Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> to produce lustre tiles for the <a href="Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> of the <a href="Mosque_of_Uqba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Uqba">Great Mosque</a> (still well preserved). <a href="Georges_Mar%C3%A7ais" title="Georges Marçais">Georges Marçais</a> suggested that Iraqi potters indeed came to Kairouan. The arrival of this Baghdadi potter must have led to the establishment of a satellite centre for the production of ceramics in Kairouan, but no information has yet been developed to confirm or deny this suggestion.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The events leading to the collapse of the <a href="Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> reign in 1171 caused ceramic production to move out to new centres, via processes similar to those described above with respect to <a href="Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. As a result, Persia became a centre of revival under the Seljuk rule (1038–1327). This is not coincidental as the Seljuks expanded their rule over Persia, Iraq, Syria, and <a href="Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, as well as <a href="Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and Muslim <a href="Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. All of these had been, for some considerable time, centres of old pottery.

</p>

<p>The Seljuks brought new and fresh inspiration to the Muslim world, attracting artists, craftsmen and potters from all regions including Egypt. In addition to continuing the production of similar (although more refined) <a href="Tin-glazing" title="Tin-glazing">tin</a> and lustre glaze ceramics, the Seljuks (in Persia) were credited for the introduction of a new type sometimes known as "Faience". This is made from a hard white <a href="Frit" title="Frit">frit</a> paste coated with transparent <a href="Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> glaze.

</p>

<p><a href="Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque ware</a> emerged in <a href="Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> in the 13th century, probably after potters escaped the instability after the fall of the Fatimids. It introduced lustreware manufacture to Europe and from the start was widely exported to the elites of Christian kingdoms. The first centre was <a href="M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, producing wares in traditional Islamic styles, but from the 13th century Muslim potters migrated to the <a href="Reconquista" title="Reconquista">reconquered</a> Christian city of <a href="Valencia%2C_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a>, outlying suburbs of which such as <a href="Manises" title="Manises">Manises</a> and <a href="Paterna" title="Paterna">Paterna</a> became the most important centres, manufacturing mainly for Christian markets in styles increasingly influenced by European decoration, though retaining a distinct character. The potters were mostly still Muslim or <a href="Morisco" title="Morisco">Morisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In a rare manuscript from Kashan compiled by Abulqassim in 1301, there is a complete description of how faience production was carried out. Frit was made of ten parts of powdered <a href="Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, one part of clay and one part of glaze mixture. The addition of greater amounts of clay made <a href="Pottery#Methods_of_shaping" title="Pottery">wheel throwing</a> of the faience easier, and allowed a better quality of work, because otherwise the material had little plasticity.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glaze itself is “formed of a roughly equal mixture of ground quartz and the ashes of desert plants which contain a very high proportion of alkaline salts. These act as a <a href="Flux" title="Flux">flux</a> and cause the quartz to vitrify at a manageable temperature. The two alone will produce a transparent glaze”.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lane compared this material with the French pâte tender, which was used by potters as recently as the eighteenth century. This body material and the new glaze offered the potter a greater handling and manipulation ability. This allows the potter to improve the quality and appearance of the vessel, including more refined decorative designs and patterns. The result was a substantial variety of products such as bowls of different size and shapes, jugs, incense burners, lamps, candlesticks, trays, tiles and so on. These advantages also allowed greater control of carved decoration, the use of which the Seljuks refined and extended during the twelfth century.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>One example of frit ware are <a href="Lajvardina-type_ceramics" title="Lajvardina-type ceramics">Lajvardina</a> ceramics, which were produced under the <a href="Ilkhanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhanids">Ikhanids</a> and are recognisable by their often dark blue underglazes and patterned decorations.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Carved decoration in ceramics, <a href="Sgraffito" title="Sgraffito">sgraffito</a>, is an old tradition used in ninth-century Islamic pottery; it is an engraving technique based on incising the design with a sharp tool through a white <a href="Slip_(ceramics)" title="Slip (ceramics)">slip</a> to reveal the red <a href="Earthenware" title="Earthenware">earthenware</a> body. The vessel is then coated with glaze.

</p><p>The Seljuks also developed the so-called silhouette wares which are distinguished by their black background. These are produced by a technique which consists of coating the white <a href="Fritware" title="Fritware">fritware</a> body with a thick black <a href="Slip_(ceramics)" title="Slip (ceramics)">slip</a>, out of which the decoration is then carved. Later, a coat of colourless or coloured, usually blue or green, transparent glaze is applied. According to Lane, this technique was used, in a simpler form, in Samarkand between the ninth and tenth centuries. The method then consisted of mixing the colours with a thick opaque clay slip instead.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late/post-medieval_(1400–onward)">Late/post-medieval (1400–onward)</h2></div>

<p>The influence of <a href="Blue_and_white_porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue and white porcelain">Blue and white porcelain</a> of the <a href="Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> and <a href="Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasties</a> is evident in many ceramics made by Muslim potters. <a href="%C4%B0znik_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="İznik pottery">İznik pottery</a> from around <a href="%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">İznik</a> in <a href="Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> was supported by the Ottoman court and produced the finest <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> work in pottery and panels of tiles, using the same vocabulary of bold and elegant floral designs derived from Chinese decoration. A characteristic bold red was developed. İznik ware had a major influence on <a href="Europe" title="Europe">European</a> decorative arts: for example, on Italian <a href="Maiolica" title="Maiolica">Maiolica</a>. The pottery was produced in as early as the 15th century AD, and was preceded by <a href="Miletus_ware" title="Miletus ware">Miletus ware</a> from the same region.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its best period lasted until the late 16th century. It consists of a body, <a href="Slip_(ceramics)" title="Slip (ceramics)">slip</a>, and glaze, where the body and glaze are “quartz-frit.”<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The “frits” in both cases “are unusual in that they contain <a href="Lead(II)_oxide" title="Lead(II) oxide">lead oxide</a> as well as <a href="Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">soda</a>”; the lead oxide would help reduce the <a href="Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">thermal expansion coefficient</a> of the ceramic.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microscopic analysis reveals that the material that has been labeled “frit” is “interstitial glass” which serves to connect the quartz particles.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael S. Tite argues that this glass was added as frit and that the interstitial glass formed on firing.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The 15th century saw the finest period of the <a href="Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque ware</a> of Valencia, produced by largely Muslim potters in a Christian kingdom, though the southern industry centred on Málaga had ended by the mid-century. Persian pottery under the <a href="Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> (from 1502) was also heavily influenced by Chinese blue and white porcelain, which to a large extent replaced it in court circles; fine 16th-century Persian pieces are very rare.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The Islamic parts of <a href="Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, modern <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, were export markets that were close at hand for the Chinese and later the Japanese, helped by the European trading companies, especially the <a href="Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>. The Buddhist countries of the region also exported. Special types of wares were developed for them, such as the Chinese <a href="Kraak_ware" title="Kraak ware">Kraak ware</a> and <a href="Swatow_ware" title="Swatow ware">Swatow ware</a>, mostly producing large dishes for serving communally to a table. In the face of such competition, local wares were few and simple.

</p><p>The medieval Islamic world as a whole never managed to develop <a href="Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, but had an avid appetite for imports of it. East Asian porcelain, first Chinese then <a href="Japanese_export_porcelain" title="Japanese export porcelain">Japanese export porcelain</a> in the 17th century, was joined in the 18th century by the wares from Europe, in particular <a href="Vienna_porcelain" title="Vienna porcelain">Vienna porcelain</a>, which specialized in the Eastern market, and by the latter part of the century was sending as many as 120,000 pieces per year to the <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, many small cups and saucers for <a href="Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smaller scale factories of the Islamic world could not compete with the sophisticated imports arriving from both east and west, and local production became a craft affair, repeating now-traditional patterns.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Study_of_Islamic_pottery">Study of Islamic pottery</h2></div>

<p>Arthur Lane produced two books which made substantial contribution to understanding the history and merit of Muslim ceramics. The first book was dedicated to the study of early ceramics from the <a href="Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> period till the <a href="Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuk</a> times, sketching the various events which played a significant role in the rise and fall of particular styles. In his second work, Lane used the same rhetorical style adopted in the first book, this time devoting his attention to later periods from the Mongols to nineteenth-century <a href="%C4%B0znik_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="İznik pottery">İznik</a> and Persian pottery.

</p><p>Following Lane's works, numerous studies appeared. The most comprehensive works adopting a general view are those by R.L. Hobson, <a href="Ernst_J._Grube" title="Ernst J. Grube">Ernst J. Grube</a>, <a href="Richard_Ettinghausen" title="Richard Ettinghausen">Richard Ettinghausen</a>, and more recently <a href="Alan_Caiger-Smith" title="Alan Caiger-Smith">Alan Caiger-Smith</a> and Gesa Febervari. Additional contributions were made by those specializing in particular temporal or regional history of Muslim pottery such as Georges Marcais in his work on North Africa, <a href="Oliver_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Watson">Oliver Watson</a> on Persia and J.R. Hallett on Abbasid Pottery.

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<ul><li><a href="%C4%B0znik_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="İznik pottery">İznik pottery</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persian pottery</a></li>

<li><a href="Dish_with_epigraphic_decoration" title="Dish with epigraphic decoration">Dish with epigraphic decoration</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;">

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=24&translator=2">Hadithic texts against gold and silver vessels</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baramki, D.C., "The pottery from Khirbet El-Mefjer", <i>The Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine</i> (QDAP 1942), vol. 10, pp.65-103</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sauer, J.A., "Umayyad pottery from sites in East Jordan2, <i>Jordan</i>, Vol.4, 1975, pp.25-32.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vainker, Ch. 5, pp. 134, 140–141 especially</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vainker, 136-137</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vainker, 137-140</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vainker, 140–142</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vainker, 140-141</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vainker, 142–143</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason (1995) p.1</span>

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFMasonKeall1991" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Robert B.; Keall, Edward J. (1991). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299848">"The 'Abbāsid Glazed Wares of Sīrāf and the Baṣra Connection: Petrographic Analysis"</a></span>. <i>Iran</i>. <b>29</b>: <span class="nowrap">51–</span>66. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4299848">10.2307/4299848</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299848">4299848</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason (1995) p.5</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Standard Terminology Of Ceramic Whiteware and Related Products. ASTM Standard C242.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason (1995) p.7</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ten thousand years of pottery</i>, Emmanuel Cooper, University of Pennsylvania Press, 4th ed., 2000, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8122-3554-1</bdi>, pp. 86–88.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.K. Bernsted 2003, <i>Early Islamic Pottery: Materials and Techniques</i>, London: Archetype Publications Ltd., 25; R.B. Mason and M.S. Tite 1994, The Beginnings of Islamic Stonepaste Technology, <i>Archaeometry</i> 36.1: 77</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason and Tite 1994, 77.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason and Tite 1994, 79-80.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason and Tite 1994, 80.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Masonand-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Masonand_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masonand_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason and Tite 1994, 87.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcais G., <i>Les faiences a reflets metalliques de la grande Mosquee de Kairouan</i>, Paris, 1928, pp.10-11</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Alan_Caiger-Smith" title="Alan Caiger-Smith">Caiger-Smith, Alan</a>, <i>Lustre Pottery: Technique, Tradition and Innovation in Islam and the Western World</i>, Chapters 6 & 7, (Faber and Faber, 1985) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-571-13507-2</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. J. Allan,<i>The History of So-Called Egyptian Faience in Islamic Persia</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ToZNNX9ByKcJ:onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1973.tb00087.x/pdf+clay+in+Islamic+Faience&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjQqKQNJACMRhHBF4olfMRaqbohZCsx8Lzwp62x9CoF89N2Aqg7g_vIfVaSHY9gbxiS3kL65qWZmc1bHicjUsSazPR8peLN5zIfbVa_8Vp44i0a6ajlDRCvUszsfBW51oW5z3kf&sig=AHIEtbS8aaJN_ZqzN-NjalLSjuYd5tmE_A">[1]</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, O., <i>Persian Lustre Ware</i>, London 1985, .p.32. Cited in Febervari Gesa (2000), op., cit, .p.96</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lane, A. (1947) <i>Early Islamic Pottery</i>, Faber and Faber, London</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2004" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Oliver (2004). <i>Ceramics from Islamic lands</i>. London: Thames & Hudson, in association with the al-Sabah Collection, Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah, Kuwait National Museum. p. 57. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-500-97629-5</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53392499">53392499</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.S. Tite 1989, İznik Pottery: An Investigation of the Methods of Production, <i>Archaeometry</i> 31.2: 115.</span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones and Mitchell, p. 262, no. 395</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="David_Battie" title="David Battie">Battie, David</a>, ed., <i>Sotheby's Concise Encyclopedia of Porcelain</i>, p. 96, 1990, Conran Octopus. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1850292515</bdi></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li>"Arts": Jones, Dalu and Michell, George (eds.); <i>The Arts of Islam</i>, <a href="Arts_Council_of_Great_Britain" title="Arts Council of Great Britain">Arts Council of Great Britain</a>, 1976, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7287-0081-6</bdi></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMason1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Robert B. (1995). "New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World". <i>Muqarnas: Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture</i>. <b>XII</b>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-04-10314-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>Vainker, S. J., <i>Chinese Pottery and Porcelain</i>, 1991, British Museum Press, 9780714114705</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCarboni,_S.Masuya,_T.1993" class="citation book cs1">Carboni, S.; Masuya, T. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/90309"><i>Persian tiles</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGrube1994" class="citation book cs1">Grube, Ernst J., ed. (1994). <i>Cobalt and lustre : the first centuries of Islamic pottery</i>. London: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-874780-58-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJenkins-Madina,_Marilyn2006" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/102329"><i>Raqqa revisited: ceramics of Ayyubid Syria</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1588391841</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMorganCarvalho2021" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Peter; Carvalho, Pedro Moura, eds. (2021). <i>A Rival to China: Later Islamic pottery</i>. London: Nour Foundation. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-874780-87-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson,_Charles_K.1973" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Charles K. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/93805"><i>Nishapur: pottery of the early Islamic period</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0870990764</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox">

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Islamic_ceramics" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Islamic ceramics">Islamic ceramics</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050414121545/http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.tcl?document_id=4223">Early Medieval Islamic Pottery</a> The eleventh century reconsidered (PDF document)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/pottery/islamic.html">UCL: Examples of Islamic period Pottery</a> Glazed & unglazed Pottery</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305095839/http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/19688/1/19688.pdf"><i>Early Islamic Ceramics and Glazes of Akhsiket, Uzbekistan</i></a>—300-page doctoral thesis (year 2009). Includes considerations of medieval Islamic pottery more broadly.</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_art230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Islamic_art230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li>

<li><a href="Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li>

<li><a href="Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li>

<li><a href="Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li>

<li><a href="Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li>

<li><a href="Architecture_of_the_Bahmani_and_Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates">Bahmani and Deccan</a></li>

<li><a href="Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li>

<li><a href="Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li>

<li><a href="Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li>

<li><a href="Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li>

<li><a href="Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li>

<li><a href="Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li>

<li><a href="Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li>

<li><a href="Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li>

<li><a href="Architecture_of_Yemen#Islamic_period" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li>

<li><a href="Banna'i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li>

<li><a href="Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li>

<li><a href="Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li>

<li><a href="Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li>

<li><a href="Moc%C3%A1rabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocárabe">Mocárabe</a></li>

<li><a href="Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li>

<li><a href="Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li>

<li><a href="Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li>

<li><i>See also</i> Decoration</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods and regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abbasid_art" title="Abbasid art">Abbasid art</a></li>

<li><a href="Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Fatimid art</a></li>

<li><a href="Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li>

<li><a href="Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a> (<a href="Persian_art#Early_Islamic_period" title="Persian art">Early</a>, <a href="Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a>, <a href="Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkish</a> (<a href="Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Decorative_arts" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Motifs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">Turkish</a></li>

<li><a href="Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fritware" title="Fritware">Fritware</a></li>

<li><a href="Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque</a></li>

<li><a href="Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_lustreware" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic lustreware">Lustreware</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persian</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_influences_on_Islamic_pottery" title="Chinese influences on Islamic pottery">Chinese influence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li>

<li><a href="Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li>

<li><a href="Soumak" title="Soumak">Soumak</a></li>

<li><a href="Suzani_(textile)" title="Suzani (textile)">Suzani</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Woodwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li>

<li><a href="Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Brass</a></li>

<li><a href="Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li>

<li><a href="Enamelled_glass#Islamic" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li>

<li><a href="Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a></li>

<li><a href="Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li>

<li>Stained glass

<ul><li><a href="Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts of<br>the book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indo-Muslim</a></li>

<li><a href="Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li>

<li><a href="Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li>

<li><a href="Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li>

<li><a href="Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li>

<li><a href="Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq</a></li>

<li><a href="Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li>

<li><a href="Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li>

<li><a href="Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Decoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li>

<li><a href="Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> (<a href="Girih_tiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Girih tiles">tiles</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li>

<li><i>See also</i> Calligraphy</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">The garden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman gardens">Ottoman</a></li>

<li><a href="Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_museums_of_Islamic_art" title="List of museums of Islamic art">Museums,<br>collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Museum_of_Islamic_Art%2C_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Berlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Museum_of_Islamic_Art%2C_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Cairo</a></li>

<li><a href="Museum_of_Islamic_Art%2C_Ghazni" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Ghazni">Ghazni</a></li>

<li>Istanbul (<a href="Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Arts</a>, <a href="Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Calligraphy Art</a>)</li>

<li>Jerusalem (<a href="Islamic_Museum%2C_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a>, <a href="Museum_for_Islamic_Art%2C_Jerusalem" title="Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem">Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Islamic_Arts_Museum_Malaysia" title="Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia">Kuala Lumpur</a></li>

<li>London (<a href="British_Museum#Islamic_art" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="Victoria_and_Albert_Museum#Islamic_art" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A</a>, <a href="Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Islamic Art">Khalili Collection</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art#Islamic_art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles</a></li>

<li>Marrakech (<a href="Marrakech_Museum" title="Marrakech Museum">Museum</a>, <a href="Majorelle_Garden" title="Majorelle Garden">Majorelle Garden</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Islamic_Museum_of_Australia" title="Islamic Museum of Australia">Melbourne</a></li>

<li>Paris (<a href="Arab_World_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World Institute">Arab World Institute</a>, <a href="Louvre#Islamic_art" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Toronto (Aga Khan)</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_Museum_of_Tripoli" title="Islamic Museum of Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Empire_of_the_Sultans" title="Empire of the Sultans">Empire of the Sultans</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Heaven_on_Earth%3A_Art_from_Islamic_Lands" title="Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands">Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hajj%3A_Journey_to_the_Heart_of_Islam" title="Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam">Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles,<br>influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Islamic_Art%3A_Mirror_of_the_Invisible_World" title="Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World">Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Aniconism in Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li>

<li><a href="Moresque" title="Moresque">Moresque</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Mathematics and architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li>

<li><a href="Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li>

<li><a href="Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Stilfragen" title="Stilfragen">Stilfragen</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Topkap%C4%B1_Scroll" title="Topkapı Scroll">Topkapı Scroll</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_studies259" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islamic_studies259" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric pattern</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawala" title="Hawala">Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islam_and_poverty" title="Islam and poverty">Poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Waqf" title="Waqf">Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="Riba" title="Riba">Usury</a></li>

<li><a href="Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Welfare</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social change</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Reception_of_Islam_in_early_modern_Europe" title="Reception of Islam in early modern Europe">Reception in early modern Europe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a> and <a href="Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Democracy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ijma" title="Ijma">consensus</a></li>

<li><a href="Shura" title="Shura">consultation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Qiyas" title="Qiyas">use of analogy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">decision-making</a></li>

<li><a href="Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">Quietism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social change</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">State</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li>

<li><a href="Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li>

<li><a href="Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Theology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kalam" title="Kalam">dialectic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early sociology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">solidarity</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_science_and_engineering_in_the_Muslim_world" title="Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">cosmology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">ophthalmology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ijazah" title="Ijazah">Ijazah</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuttab" title="Kuttab">elementary school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sufi_studies" title="Sufi studies">Sufi studies</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sufism" title="Sufism">mysticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">cosmology</a></li>

<li><a href="Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-18" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Islamic_pottery&oldid=1301083336">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>